- 挑戦【ちょうせん】 - challenge, defiance, dare, attempt, try 
- 挑む【いどむ】 - to challenge to (a fight, game, etc.), to throw down the gauntlet, to contend for, to tackle (e.g. a problem), to attempt, to go after (a prize, record, etc.), to pressure (someone) for sex, to make advances to 
- 挑戦者【ちょうせんしゃ】 - challenger 
- 挑発【ちょうはつ】 - provocation, stirring up, arousal, excitement, stimulation 
- 挑発的【ちょうはつてき】 - provocative, incendiary, inflammatory, suggestive, lascivious, risqué